-BIO 515 - Dr. Harney
-Study Guide - Final Exam
1) Review the general properties of the somatic sensory receptors...know
where they are located and what they respond to ...are they slow
or rapid adapting ?
2) Where are the cell bodies for the somatic sensory neurons located
?
3) What are the ascending pathways for touch/proprioception and
pain..how are they different ?
4) Review the organization of cortical neurons relative to columns
and layers...how are they arranged?
5) Name the 4 subdivisions of S-I and describe the inputs to them.
What are the other 2 important regions ?
6) What are the 4 types of higher order somatosensory neurons
?
7) Areas 3b and 1 are responsible for what ?; Area 2 ?; Areas
2,5 and 7 are involved in what ?
8) Define the types of nociceptors and give their properties.
9) Define allodynia, hyperalgesia and laminae. Define the distinct
laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and their role in
nociception.
10) Compare and contrast A delta and C fibers versus AB fibers.
What are the neurotransmitters for the former and what else do
they release ?
11) Define the 5 major ascending pathways delivering nociceptive
information.
12) Define the 2 thalamic nuclei that process nociceptive information.
Include nuclei included in each and their inputs and overall
function.
13) Define the 2 regions in the cerebral cortex that contribute
to the processing of pain.
14) Where is the initial site of modulation of pain occuring ?
15) Define the gate control theory. Include fiber types and locations
involved.
16) Review the opioid peptides, receptor subtypes and their mechanism
of action in nociception.
17) Review the organization of skeletal muscle at the fiber, myofibril,
thin and thick filament level.
18) What is the structure and function of the sarcomere ? Define
the proteins in both thick and thin filaments and their role in
cross bridge formation.
19) Understand the series of events that occur at the NMJ and
inside the myofibril to allow for muscle contraction.
20) What is rigor mortis and why does it develop, what is the
cross-bridge cycle and what is necessary for it to continue?
21)What are the components of a motor unit and what leads to recruitment
of more motor units?
22) Define twitch, summation, tension and describe the length-tension
relationship.
23) What are the metabolic pathways used to generate ATP and when
and why are each used ?
24) Define the designations used for sensory and motor neurons
that reflect their speed and innervation.
25) How is muscle force regulated and in what order are motor
neurons recruited ?
26) What is a motor neuron pool and what do they collect info
from ?
27) Define the roles of the sensory organs in muscle...include
structures...fiber types and responses to incr or decr firing.
28) Review simple reflexes, the stretch reflex, the tendon organ
reflex. Define autogenic facilitation, autogenic inhibition,
reciprocal inhibition and excitation.
29) What are the levels of hierarchy of motor control ? Define
the role(s) of the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebral cortex
in motor control at the basic level.
30) What are the 3 features of the motor control hierarchy that
are most important.
31) What are the divisions of the motor cortex, what does each
do and how are motor areas generally defined and how do they differ?
32) What are the similarities, layers and cell types fo the cytoarchitecture
of the motor cortex ?
33) Review the corticocortical connections and the afferent and
efferent subcortical connections.
34) What is the role of M1, SMA and PM in control of motor function
and what sensory info does each area use preferentially?
35) What are the effects of lesions in each of the above areas
of the motor cortex ?
36) Review the role of the basal ganglia, cerebellum and the brainstem
in motor control.
37) Know the nuclei and their subdivisions in the basal ganglia,
afferents to and efferents from and the intrinsic connections
in detail (direct versus indirect).
38) What is the role of dopamine and it's receptor subtypes in
basal gangliar physiology.
39) What are the disorders of the basal ganglia and how are they brought
about ?
40) What are the subdivisions of the cerebellum, the afferents
to and efferents from and the function of the cerebellum ?
41) What are the brainstem motor centers and the corresponding
tracts ?
42) Compare the autonomic and somatic motor systems.
43) Define the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions relative
to location, pre and post ganglionic neurons, location of ganglia
and overall effects on the effectors in the body.
44) Name the 6 criteria for identification of a neurotransmitter.
45) Review the adrenergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems,
receptor subtypes and their locations and actions.
46) Understand autonomic control of the heart, lungs and GI tract.
Know in detail the baroreceptor and micturition reflexes.
47) What is the function of the vestibular system ?
48) Name the 5 receptor organs and define what they monitor.
How do hair cells generate depolarization versus hyperpolarizations?
49) Review the structures and mechanism of action of the 5 receptor
organs.
50) What are the 3 reflexes associated with the vestibular system
and what do they compensate for ?
51) What are the afferent inputs to the vestibular nuclei and
the excitatory and inhibitory connections ?