Comparative Animal Physiology

Comparative Animal Physiology

-BIO 336 - Dr. Harney

-Study Guide - Exam III

1) What is an ECG and what do the waves/complexes represent ?

2) Compare ventricular systole and diastole. What portion of the cardiac cycle is each ?

3) What is cardiac output ? How do I calculate it ? How do I increase or decrease it ?

4) Review the entire cardiac cycle, understand the electrical events, pressure differences, opening and closing of valves, etc (See handout).

5) If we decrease the length of the cardiac cycle what portion gets shortened the most ? What does this suggest about the rapid fiiling of the ventricle at the beginning of diastole ?

6) Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart and their specific effects ?

7) What is venous return, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume and heart rate ?

8) What is Starlings’ law ?

9) Compare and contrast the properties of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.

10) What do veins have that the others don’t ?

11) What effects flow rate and how do you increase or decrease it ?

12) What is normal blood pressure and what do the 2 numbers mean ?

13) How do you measure blood pressure? What is mean arterial pressure ?

14) Where is the greatest total surface area in the circulation and why ?

15) Compare the blood pressure in the aorta to the atrium, why are they different and why is that important ?

16) How do we regulate blood pressure at the kidney, at the heart, at the arterioles ?

17) Why do we have to regulate extracellular K+ and Ca+ very closely (relative to heart function)?

18) How might temperature and pH effect the function of the heart ?

19) Describe the pressures that are acting at the arteriolar and venular ends of the capillary.

20) What is filtration and reabsorption and if the former is greater than the latter what results ?

21) Describe the local factors that regulate blood flow within capillary beds.

22) Describe the central mechanisms and endocrine factors that regulate cardiovascular function (blood pressure, blood volume and blood flow).

23) Compare and contrast the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that regulate neural control of blood pressure and blood flow. Where are they located and what do they monitor ?

24) Compare internal and external respiration.

25) What are the nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system ?

26) Name the organs in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Where does gas exchange occur ?

27) What is the role of surfactant in the lung and how are premature babies potentially affected ?

28) What is the pleural sac and what do the parietal and visceral layers contact ?

29) How are the atmospheric, intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures involved in the mechanics of respiration ? When do we inspire and expire ? Why don’t our lungs collapse ?

30) Which muscles contract during inspiration ? Where do they move and what effect does this have on intra-alveolar pressure ?

31) When we forcefully expire what muscle must contract ?

32) What is Boyle’s law ?

33) How do you decrease airflow without changing the pressure gradient ?

34) Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic control of bronchiolar smooth muscle. How is this different from control of blood vessels ?

35) How is the effect of decreased O2 in the alveolus different than decreased O2 in a systemic tissue with regard to regulation of the arteriolar smooth muscle that regulates blood flow to that site? Why is this different ?

36) Why do we try to match blood flow and airflow in the lungs ?

37) How is O2 and CO2 carried in the blood stream ? What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and why are they important ?

38) What local factors at the tissue level allow for O2 to be released from hemoglobin ? How do these same factors effect blood flow to that tissue?

39) Name the 2 predominate partial pressures in the blood that regulate the magnitude of ventilation and under what circumstances do each of them work ?

40) Central chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under resting conditions.Where are these located and what exactly are they sensitive to ?

41) Peripheral chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under emergency conditions. Where are these located and what do they respond to ?

42) Know the anatomical structure of the urinary system.

43) What is the functional unit of the urinary system and describe it’s different regions.

44) What are the functions of the urinary system ?

45) Name the 3 basic renal processes that occur in the kidney that ultimately dictate the components of urine ? Describe them and the differences between them.

46) How much of our plasma is filtered ? What percentage of our cardiac output does this represent ?

47) Name the 3 pressures acting at the glomerulus and what direction their force is acting.

48) Describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus anatomically and how does it autoregulate filtration ? What cell type is critical to this process?

49) What is GFR ? What equation describes it and what do the components represent ?

50) How do we increase or decrease GFR ? What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have and where exactly does it act ?

Points 51 through 60 will be covered exclusively on the final exam in addition to digestion and metabolism. The remainder of the final exam will be cumulative from the whole semester.

51) Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Include where each of these is produced, where it acts and what is it’s effect ?

52) Angiotensin II is a very important compund, describe it’s numerous actions.

53) What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ? Where is it produced and where does it act ?

54) Where are glucose and amino acids resorbed primarily ? What ion is central to this process ?

55) Where is Na+ resorbed ? Include each site and the percentage of total resorbed at each.

56) What is special about the Na+ resorbed at the distal tubules and collecting ducts ?

57) Why and how do we regulate K+ and H+ in plasma ? What process in the nephron is primarily responsible ?

58) Describe the mechanism used by the loop of henle to make concentrated and then dilute urine in the descending and ascending limbs, respectively.

59) Describe the action of vasopressin and where it acts. What happens if no vasopressin is present ?

60) Why is kidney function so critical to health ? How does it interact with the cardiovascular system ?



			Comparative Animal Physiology -BIO 336 - Dr. Harney -Study Guide - Exam III

	1) What is an ECG and what do the waves/complexes represent ? 2) Compare ventricular systole and diastole. What portion of the cardiac cycle is each ? 3) What is cardiac output ? How do I calculate it ? How do I increase or decrease it ? 4) Review the entire cardiac cycle, understand the electrical events, pressure differences, opening and closing of valves, etc (See handout). 5) If we decrease the length of the cardiac cycle what portion gets shortened the most ? What does this suggest about the rapid fiiling of the ventricle at the beginning of diastole ? 6) Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart and their specific effects ? 7) What is venous return, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume and heart rate ? 8) What is Starlings’ law ? 9) Compare and contrast the properties of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. 10) What do veins have that the others don’t ? 11) What effects flow rate and how do you increase or decrease it ? 12) What is normal blood pressure and what do the 2 numbers mean ? 13) How do you measure blood pressure? What is mean arterial pressure ? 14) Where is the greatest total surface area in the circulation and why ? 15) Compare the blood pressure in the aorta to the atrium, why are they different and why is that important ? 16) How do we regulate blood pressure at the kidney, at the heart, at the arterioles ? 17) Why do we have to regulate extracellular K+ and Ca+ very closely (relative to heart function)? 18) How might temperature and pH effect the function of the heart ? 19) Describe the pressures that are acting at the arteriolar and venular ends of the capillary. 20) What is filtration and reabsorption and if the former is greater than the latter what results ? 21) Describe the local factors that regulate blood flow within capillary beds. 22) Describe the central mechanisms and endocrine factors that regulate cardiovascular function (blood pressure, blood volume and blood flow). 23) Compare and contrast the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that regulate neural control of blood pressure and blood flow. Where are they located and what do they monitor ? 24) Compare internal and external respiration. 25) What are the nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system ? 26) Name the organs in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Where does gas exchange occur ? 27) What is the role of surfactant in the lung and how are premature babies potentially affected ? 28) What is the pleural sac and what do the parietal and visceral layers contact ? 29) How are the atmospheric, intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures involved in the mechanics of respiration ? When do we inspire and expire ? Why don’t our lungs collapse ? 30) Which muscles contract during inspiration ? Where do they move and what effect does this have on intra-alveolar pressure ? 31) When we forcefully expire what muscle must contract ? 32) What is Boyle’s law ? 33) How do you decrease airflow without changing the pressure gradient ? 34) Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic control of bronchiolar smooth muscle. How is this different from control of blood vessels ? 35) How is the effect of decreased O2 in the alveolus different than decreased O2 in a systemic tissue with regard to regulation of the arteriolar smooth muscle that regulates blood flow to that site? Why is this different ? 36) Why do we try to match blood flow and airflow in the lungs ? 37) How is O2 and CO2 carried in the blood stream ? What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and why are they important ? 38) What local factors at the tissue level allow for O2 to be released from hemoglobin ? How do these same factors effect blood flow to that tissue? 39) Name the 2 predominate partial pressures in the blood that regulate the magnitude of ventilation and under what circumstances do each of them work ? 40) Central chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under resting conditions.Where are these located and what exactly are they sensitive to ? 41) Peripheral chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under emergency conditions. Where are these located and what do they respond to ? 42) Know the anatomical structure of the urinary system. 43) What is the functional unit of the urinary system and describe it’s different regions. 44) What are the functions of the urinary system ? 45) Name the 3 basic renal processes that occur in the kidney that ultimately dictate the components of urine ? Describe them and the differences between them. 46) How much of our plasma is filtered ? What percentage of our cardiac output does this represent ? 47) Name the 3 pressures acting at the glomerulus and what direction their force is acting. 48) Describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus anatomically and how does it autoregulate filtration ? What cell type is critical to this process? 49) What is GFR ? What equation describes it and what do the components represent ? 50) How do we increase or decrease GFR ? What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have and where exactly does it act ? Points 51 through 60 will be covered exclusively on the final exam in addition to digestion and metabolism. The remainder of the final exam will be cumulative from the whole semester. 51) Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Include where each of these is produced, where it acts and what is it’s effect ? 52) Angiotensin II is a very important compund, describe it’s numerous actions. 53) What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ? Where is it produced and where does it act ? 54) Where are glucose and amino acids resorbed primarily ? What ion is central to this process ? 55) Where is Na+ resorbed ? Include each site and the percentage of total resorbed at each. 56) What is special about the Na+ resorbed at the distal tubules and collecting ducts ? 57) Why and how do we regulate K+ and H+ in plasma ? What process in the nephron is primarily responsible ? 58) Describe the mechanism used by the loop of henle to make concentrated and then dilute urine in the descending and ascending limbs, respectively. 59) Describe the action of vasopressin and where it acts. What happens if no vasopressin is present ? 60) Why is kidney function so critical to health ? How does it interact with the cardiovascular system ?