1) Understand the higher levels of processing (ie, divergence, convergence, reverberation, etc.)

2) Review the organization of the gray (anterior, posterior and lateral horns) and white (columns and tracts) matter. What are the ventral and dorsal roots and how are they organized ?

3) What are the gray and white rami, dorsal and ventral rami and the rami communicantes ?

4) What are dermatomes and what is a nerve plexus ? What are the 3 major nerve plexi ?

5) What is a reflex arc ? How do we classify reflexes ? What is the difference between and mono and polysynaptic reflex and give an example of each ?

6) What is a muscle spindle ? Compare and contrast intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers. What do the alpha and gamma motor neurons innervate ?

7) Review the flexor and crossed extensor reflexes (Figure 13-22). How does the inhibitory interneuron work ?

8) What is the Babinski sign, when would this reappear in adults ? What is hypo- , are- and hyper-reflexia (see A.M.).

9) Review the embryology of the brain (Table 14-1). What the are major functions of the different regions of the brain (Fig. 14-2) ?

10) What are the cranial meninges, what are their functions and how do they protect against cranial trauma ? What is a concussion (See A.M.)

11) What is cerebral spinal fluid ? Where is it produced, where does it circulate and what is its function ? How is it different from blood plasma ?

12) What is hydrocephalus and how is it caused ? What is a stroke and how is it caused ?

13) What is the function of the blood brain and blood-CSF barrier ? What would happen if either of these were compromised ?

14) What are the major lobes of the cerebrum and what are their functions ? What 2 cortices does the central sulcus separate and what are their functions ?

15) If a person you or I know has a brain tumor in the primary motor cortex on the left side of his brain what symptoms would you expect to see based on the laws of probability and why ?

16) Name the 3 higher motor areas and the 4th structure that is impt in programing and coordinating complex movements.

17) Review the functions of the basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebellum and brain stem.

18) If you want to take all this information and consolidate it to long term memory what should you do and why ?

19) What is the autonomic nervous system and what is its function ? How does it differ from the somatic nervous system ?

20) Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Include location, length of pre and post-ganglionic fibers, neurotransmitters and physiological circumstances for activation. (See Table 16-2)

21) Name the 3 different ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system and give their location.

22) Understand the sympathetic pathways (Figure 16-4).

23) What is the splanchnic nerve ? What ganglia does it innervate ?

24) Name the 3 different collateral ganglia and list the structures and that they innervate and their location in the body.

25) What is the adrenal medullae and how is it unique from other ganglia ?

26) What are the predominant neuorotransmitters released from the adrenal medullae ? If they are released into the bloodstream, what are they ?

27) What are the general functions of the parasympathetic nervous system ? What is a plexus and name them ?

28) Understand the baroreceptor and cardioacceleratory reflexes.

29) Review all 3 exams, 5 quizzes and all four review sheets!!!!

30) How do temperature and pH affect cells in the body ?

31) Why is water such a critical component of the body ? What are its properties that allow for life to exist.

32) What is life ?

33) How are we different from single-cellular organisms ?

34) What have you learned in this course that will stay with you throughout your life ?

35) How will you approach BIO 113 differently than you approached this course and why ?