POLYMER CHEMISTRY: An Introduction, 3rd Edition
Each chapter ends with pertinent references and a set of review exercises, many taken from the polymer literature, with the literature references included so that students can check their answers. This is designed to encourage students to read the literature.
CONTENTS
PART I. POLYMER STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
Chapter 1. Basic Principles
1.1 Introduction and historical development
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Polymerization processes
1.4 Step-reaction polymerization
1.5 Chain-reaction polymerization
1.6 Step-reaction addition and chain-reaction condensation
1.7 Nomenclature
1.7.1 Vinyl polymers
1.7.2 Vinyl copolymers
1.7.3 Nonvinyl polymers
1.7.4 Nonvinyl copolymers
1.7.5 End groups
1.7.6 Abbreviations
1.8 Industrial polymers
1.9 Polymer recycling
Chapter 2. Molecular Weight and Polymer Solutions
2.1 Number average and weight average molecular weight
2.2 Polymer solutions
2.3 Measurement of number average molecular weight
2.3.1 End-group analysis
2.3.2 Membrane osmometry
2.3.3 Cryoscopy and ebulliometry
2.3.4 Vapor pressure osmometry
2.3.5 Mass spectrometry
2.3.6 Refractive index measurements
2.4 Measurement of weight average molecular weight
2.5 Viscometry2.4.1 Light scattering
2.4.2 Ultracentrifugation
2.6 Molecular weight distribution
2.6.1 Gel permeation chromatography2.6.2 Fractional solution
2.6.3 Fractional precipitation
2.6.4 Thin-layer chromatography
Chapter 3. Chemical Structure and Polymer Morphology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Molecular weight and intermolecular forces
3.3 The amorphous state: rheology
3.4 Glass transition temperature
3.5 Stereochemistry
3.6 Crystallinity
3.7 Liquid crystallinity
3.8 Chemical crosslinking
3.9 Physical crosslinking
3.10 Polymer blends
Chapter 4. Chemical Structure and Polymer Properties
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fabrication methods
4.3 Mechanical properties
4.4 Thermal stability
4.5 Flammability and flame resistance
4.6 Chemical resistance
4.7 Degradability
4.8 Electrical conductivity
4.9 Nonlinear optical properties
4.10 Additives
Chapter 5. Evaluation, Characterization, and Analysis of Polymers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical methods of analysis
5.3 Spectroscopic methods of analysis
5.3.1 Infrared
5.3.2 Raman
5.3.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance
5.3.4 Electron spin resonance
5.3.5 Ultraviolet-visible
5.3.6 Fluorescence
5.4 X-ray, electron, and neutron scattering
5.5 Characterization and analysis of polymer surfaces
5.5.1 Scanning electron microscopy
5.5.2 Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy
5.5.3 Photoacoustic spectroscopy
5.5.4 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and Augér electron spectroscopy
5.5.5 Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and ion-scattering spectroscopy
5.5.6 Atomic force microscopy
5.6 Thermal analysis
5.6.1 Differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis
5.6.2 Thermomechanical analysis
5.6.3 Thrmogravimetric analysis
5.6.4 Pyrolysis-gas chromatography
5.6.5 Flammability testing
5.7 Measurement of mechanical properties
5.8 Evaluation of chemical resistance
5.9 Evaluation of electrical properties
PART II. VINYL POLYMERS
Chapter 6. Free Radical Polymerization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Free radical initiators
6.2.1 Peroxides and hydroperoxides
6.2.2 Azo compounds
6.2.3 Redox initiators
6.2.4 Photoinitiators
6.2.5 Thermal polymerization
6.2.6 Electrochemical polymerization
6.3 Techniques of free radical polymerization
6.3.1 Bulk
6.3.2 Suspension
6.3.3 Solution
6.3.4 Emulsion
6.4 Kinetics and mechanism of polymerization
6.5 Stereochemistry of polymerization
6.6 Polymerization of dienes
6.6.1 Isolated dienes
6.6.2 Conjugated dienes
6.7 Monomer reactivity
6.8 Copolymerization
Chapter 7. Ionic polymerization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cationic polymerization
7.2.1 Cationic initiators
7.2.2 Mechanism, kinetics, and reactivity in cationic polymerization
7.2.3 Stereochemistry of cationic polymerization
7.2.4 Cationic copolymerization
7.2.5 Isomerization in cationic polymerization
7.3 Anionic polymerization
7.3.1 Anionic initiators
7.3.2 Mechanism, kinetics, and reactivity in anionic polymerization
7.3.3 Stereochemistry of anionic polymerization
7.3.4 Anionic copolymerization
7.4 Group transfer polymerization
Chapter 8. Vinyl Polymerization with Complex Coordination Catalysts
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta polymerization
8.2.1 Heterogeneous catalysts
8.2.2 Mechanism and reactivity in heterogeneous polymerization
8.2.3 Stereochemistry of heterogeneous polymerization
8.2.4 Polymerization of dienes
8.3 Homogeneous Ziegler-Natta polymerization
8.3.1 Metallocene catalysts
8.3.2 Mechanism and reactivity with metallocene catalysts
8.3.3 Stereochemistry of metallocene-catalyzed polymerization
8.4 Ziegler-Natta copolymerization
8.5 Supported metal oxide catalysts
8.6 Alfin catalysts
8.7 Metathesis polymerization
8.7.1 Ring-opening metathesis polymerization
8.7.2 Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization
Chapter 9. Reactions of Vinyl Polymers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Functional group reactions
9.2.1 Introduction of new functional groups
9.2.2 Conversion of functional groups
9.3 Ring-forming reactions
9.4 Crosslinking
9.4.1 Vulcanization
9.4.2 Radiation crosslinking
9.4.3 Photochemical crosslinking
9.4.4 Crosslinking through labile functional groups
9.4.5 Ionic crosslinking
9.5 Block and graft copolymer formation
9.5.1 Block copolymers
9.5.2 Graft copolymers
9.6 Polymer degradation
9.6.1 Chemical degradation
9.6.2 Thermal degradation
9.6.3 Degradation by radiation
PART III. NONVINYL POLYMERS
Chapter 10. Step-Reaction and Ring-Opening polymerization
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Step-reaction polymerization: kinetics
10.3 Stoichiometric imbalance
10.4 Molecular weight distribution
10.5 Network step polymerization
10.6 Step-reaction copolymerization
10.7 Step polymerization techniques
10.8 Dendritic polymers
10.9 Ring-opening polymerization
Chapter 11. Polyethers and related Polymers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparation of polyethers by chain-reaction and ring-opening
polymerization
11.2.1 Polymerization of carbonyl compounds
11.2.2 Stereochemistry of aldehyde polymerization
11.2.3 Polymerization of cyclic ethers
11.2.4 Stereochemistry of epoxide polymerization
11.3 Preparation of polyethers by step-reaction polymerization
11.3.1 Synthesis of polyethers from glycols and bisphenols
11.3.2 Polyacetals and polyketals
11.3.3 Poly(phenylene oxide)s
11.3.4 Epoxy resins
11.4 Polysulfides, poly(alkylene polysulfide)s, and polysulfones
11.4.1 Polysulfides
11.4.2 Poly(alkylene polysulfide)s
11.4.3 Polysulfones
Chapter 12 Polyesters
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Linear polyesters
12.2.1 Preparation of polyesters by polycondensation reactions
12.2.2 Polycarbonates
12.2.3 Preparation of polyesters by ring-opening polymerization
12.2.4 Microbial polyesters
12.3 Hyperbranched polyesters
12.4 Crosslinked polyesters
12.4.1 Saturated polyester resins
12.4.2 Unsaturated polyesters
Chapter 13. Polyamides and Related Polymers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Polyamides
13.2.1 Preparation of polyamides by polycondensation reactions
13.2.2 Polymerization of lactams
13.2.3 Miscellaneous methods of preparing polyamides
13.3 Properties of polyamides
13.4 Polyureas
13.5 Polyurethanes
13.6 Polyhydrazides
13.7 Polyimides
Chapter 14. Phenol- Urea-, and Melamine-formaldehyde Polymers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Phenol-formaldehyde polymers: resoles
14.3 Phenol-formaldehyde polymers: novolacs
14.4 Chemical modifications of phenolic resins
14.5 Urea-formaldehyde polymers
14.6 Melamine-formaldehyde polymers
15. Heterocyclic Polymers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polypyrrole, polyfuran, and polythiophene
15.2 Polycyanurate and polyphthalocyanine resins
15.4 Heterocyclic polymers formed from precursor polymers
15.5 Heterocyclic polymers formed from polyfunctional monomers
15.5.1 Polybenzimidazoles
15.5.2 Polybenzoxazoles and polybenzothiazoles
15.5.3 Polyhydantoins
15.5.4 Poly(parabanic acid)s
15.5.5 Polyquinoxalines and polypyrazines
15.5.6 Polypyrazoles and polyimidazoles
15.5.7 Poly(as-triazine)s and polytriazolines
15.5.8 Polyquinolines and polyanthrazolines
Chapter 16. Inorganic and Partially Inorganic Polymers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Poly(sulfur nitride)
16.3 Polysiloxanes
16.4 Polysilanes
16.5 Polyphosphazenes
16.6 Carborane polymers
16.7 Organometallic polymers
16.8 Coordination polymers
Chapter 17. Miscellaneous Organic Polymers
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Miscellaneous unsaturated polymers
17.2.1 Polycarbodiimides
17.2.2 Polyimines
17.2.3 Polymers containing carbon-carbon double bonds
17.2.4 Azo polymers
17.2.5 Polymers containing carbon-carbon triple bonds
17.3 Poly(p-phenylene) and poly(p-xylylene)
17.3.1 Poly(p-phenylene)
17.3.2 Poly(p-xylylene)
17.4 Friedel-Crafts polymers
17.5 Cycloaddition polymerization
17.5.1 Diels-Alder polymerization
17.5.2 2 + 2 Cycloaddition polymerization
17.6 Polyanhydrides
17.7 Polyamines
17.8 Charge-transfer polymers
17.9 Ionic polymers
Chapter 18. Natural Polymers
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Miscellaneous natural polymers
18.2.1 Rubber
18.2.2 Lignin, humus, coal, and kerogen
18.2.3 Asphaltenes
18.2.4 Shellac
18.2.5 Amber
18.2.6 Tall oil-derived polymers
18.3 Polysaccharides
18.3.1 Cellulose
18.3.2 Regenerated cellulose
18.3.3 Derivatives of cellulose
18.3.4 Starch
18.3.5 Derivatives of starch
18.3.6 Other polysaccharides
18.4 Proteins
18.4.1 Amino acids, polypeptides and proteins
18.4.2 Protein structure
18.4.3 Synthesis of polypeptides and proteins
18.4.4 Wool, silk, collagen, and regenerated protein
18.5 Nucleic acids
18.5.1 Nucleic acid structure
18.5.2 Nucleic acid synthesis
18.6 Conclusion
Appendix A. Commonly used Polymer Abbreviations
Appendix B. Polymer Literature
Appendix C. Sources of Laboratory Experiments in Polymer Chemistry
Index
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