Citation and reference styles vary across disciplines. This page describes formats that you should use in sociology and criminal justice papers (but maybe not elsewhere). These guidelines for citations and referencees are adapted from the American Sociological Association's Style Guide.

*all examples are located below in red

Printed Sources
Citations of books, articles, and other printed sources present the last name of the authors and year of publication. Include page numbers if you quote directly or refer to specific passages. Here are some examples:

• If an author's name is not in the text, enclose the last name and publication year in parentheses (with no comma):

- as reported in a study of conservative mobilization (McVeigh 1999).

• If an author's name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses:

- as Brueggemann (2000) suggests about the United Auto Workers.

• Pagination follows year of publication after a colon (with no space between the colon and page number):

- with regard to shameful penalties (Karp 1998:280-81).

• Give both names for two joint authors:

- in the United Autoworkers Union (Brueggemann and Boswell 1998).

• If a work has three authors, cite all three last names in the first citation; thereafter, use et al. in the citation:

- First citation - in community colleges (Blau, McVeigh, and Land 2000).
- Later citations - (Blau et al. 2000).

• If the work has more than three authors, use et al. in the first citation and in all subsequent citations:

- First citation - pay equity in New York (Berheide et al. 1986).
- Later citations - concerning pay of state employees (Berheide et al. 1986).

Note: Italicize et al.

• Quotations in the text begin and end with quotation marks. The author, date, and page numbers follow the end-quote and precede the period:

- A recent study finds that the entanglement of race and class "constitutes a potent and resilient stratification system" (Brueggemann 2000:2238).
Or
- Brueggemann and Boswell (1998) report that "adopting the miners' formula included an openness to Communist organizers to implement the policy" (p. 464).

• Present block quotations in a separate, indented paragraph without quotation marks:

- As McVeigh (1999) concludes:

In the 1860s, 1920s, and 1960s many Americans were attracted to a social movement that displayed the ugliest forms of racism and bigotry. The Ku Klux Klan did not make these individuals racists and bigots. They grew up that way. The Klan did give them the language to articulate their newly emerging economic and political grievances. Sadly, the Klan's strategy has often been effective. (P. 1492)

Note: The author, date, and/or page number follows the period in a block quote. In a block quote, the P for page is capitalized when the page number is cited alone without the author and date, as in the above example.

• Cite chapters, tables, appendices, and so on like this:

- among measures described by Fox (1997, chap. 7).
Or
- according to data from a recent study (McVeigh 1999, table 1:1483).

• For institutional or governmental authorship, supply minimum identification from the beginning of the complete citation:

- should use recommended citation formats (American Sociological Association 1997:21).

• If a work you cite was reprinted from a version published earlier, list the earliest publication date in brackets, followed by the publication date of the recent version you have used:

- anxiety of new parents (Walzer [1996] 1998).

• Separate a series of references with semicolons:

- (Karp 1998; Berheide 1999; Clear and Karp 1999).

Note: You may list the series in either alphabetical or chronological order, but be consistent throughout your paper.

• For unpublished material, use "forthcoming" for items scheduled for publication:

- in feminist approaches to power (Reger forthcoming).

Unpublished Papers, Lectures, etc.
• Cite the author and date as with printed sources:

- as Hardesty (1999) described biracial identities
Or
- found in matrilocal families (Berheide 1998).

Web Sites
•Cite the author or sponsor of the web site and date that web material was retrieved:

- as described on the University of Hartford Sociology Web site (University of Hartford Sociology Web Site 2002).

Reference List
The reference list follows the text and footnotes in a separate section headed "References." All references cited in the text must be included under "References," and vice versa. List references in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Here is the reference list for examples on this Web page:

References

American Sociological Association. 1997. Style Guide. 2nd edition. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.

Berheide, Catherine White. 1998. "The Family." LS 1 Lecture Series, November 5. Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY.

Berheide, Catherine, et al. 1986. "Minorities and Pay Equity in New York State Government Employment.". Working Paper No. 17,
     Center for Women in Government, SUNY, Albany, NY.

Black, Tim and John Stewart. 2003. “Burning and Burying in Connecticut: Are Regional Solutions to Solid Waste
      Disposal Equitable?” Pp. 61-81 in Our Backyard: A Quest for Environmental Justice, edited by Gerald R. Visgilio
      and Diana M. Whitelaw. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.

Blau, Judith, Rory McVeigh, and Kenneth Land. 2000. "Expansion of Two-Year Colleges: A Dynamic Multi-Level Model."
     Community College Journal of Research and Practice.

Brueggemann, John. 2000. "The Power and Collapse of Paternalism: The Ford Motor Company and Black Workers, 1937-1941."
     Social Problems (47:220-40).

Brueggemann, John and Terry Boswell. 1998. "Realizing Solidarity." Work and Occupations 25:436-82.

Clear, Todd R. and David R. Karp. 1999. The Community Justice Ideal. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Fox, William. 1997. Social Statistics. Bellevue, WA: MicroCase.

Hardesty, Monica. 1999. "Speaking Black and Biracial: The Fluid Nature of Racial Identities" November 15. Association for
     Humanist Sociology Annual Meetings, Memphis, TN.

Karp, David R. 1998. "The Judicial and Judicious Use of Shame Penalties." Crime & Delinquency 44: 277-94.

McVeigh, Rory. 1999. "Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization." Social Forces 77:1461-496.

Reger, Joanne. Forthcoming. "Motherhood and the Construction of Feminist Identities: Variations in a Women's Movement Organization."
     Sociological Inquiry.

University of Hartford Sociology Web Site. 2002. "Citations and References in Sociology and Criminal Justice." November 14, 2002.
     (http://www.hartford.edu/academics/sociology/resources/citandrefguide.htm).

Walzer, Susan. [1996] 1998. "Thinking About the Baby: Gender and Divisions of Infant Care." Reprinted in Robert Thompson (ed.).
     The Essential Sociology Reader. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

There are more examples in the ASA's Style Guide or any recent issue of the American Sociological Review.

Other Guidelines

• Sociologists do not use footnotes for citations.
• All references cited in the text must be in the reference list, and vice versa.
• Include full names of all authors. Use first or middle name initials only if the author used initials in the original publication.
• If no date is available, use N.d. in place of the date.
• With the exception of New York, include both the city and state for place of publication. Use postal code abbreviations for states (e.g., MA, NJ, Washington, DC). Provide the country's name for foreign cities. If the same author has two or more citations with the same year, distinguish them with lowercase letters. Example: (Brueggemann 2000a, 2000b)
• Indent the second and subsequent lines of references. (This recommendation is not followed in the reference list above because of display limitations of Web sites.)
• Double space text, including indented quotations and reference lists. (To save space, this recommendation is not followed on this Web page.)
• For references not covered by examples on this Web page, see the ASA's Style Guide.
• Look at examples of citations and reference lists in a major sociology journal such as the American Sociological Review. You'll catch on fast if you follow examples.
• Reminder: Disciplines are subcultures that vary in style, so the formats used in sociology and criminal justice differ from formats used in psychology, or by the MLA. When in sociology, do as the sociologists do.