Comparative Animal Physiology

Comparative Animal Physiology

-BIO 336 - Dr. Harney

-Study Guide - Exam II

1) Identify all the different types of channels involved in the resting membrane potential, AP propagation and synaptic transmission.

2) What is the reversal potential for an acetylcholine-gated channel at a NMJ ? What is the reversal potential and what does it tell us

3) Name the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Compare metabotropic and ionotropic receptors, how are they different and name a neurotransmitter that uses both types of receptors. (handout tables 6.1, 16.1)

4) Describe the biosynthetic pathway for glutamate, GABA, glycine and the catecholamine neurotransmitters including necessary enzymes. What are the rate-limiting steps in their synthesis ? (handout figure 6.10, table 6.1)

5) Review acetylcholine metabolism in cholinergic nerve terminal (handout 6.7), glutamate synthesis and cycling between neurons and glia (handout 6.8, why is glutamate removed rapidly from synapse) and synthesis, release, and reuptake of the GABA & glycine (handout 6.9).

6) Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.

7) Compare and contrast the regulation of the posterior and anterior pituitary glands.

8) Name the hypothalamic/pituitary/target hormones.

9) Compare and contrast lipophilic, amino acid derivative and peptide hormones. Include mechanism of action.

10) Describe the cAMP and PIP2 second messenger pathways. Be prepared to design experiments to elucidate the 2nd messenger pathway for a newly discovered hormone or neurotransmitter. (what is forskolin, Li, IBMX, cholera and pertussis toxins)

11) Why are 2nd messenger pathways necessary ?

12) Describe the components of the steroid receptors. What regions share high homology across species and why? How do these receptors induce a biological effect ?

13) Describe the regulation of blood calcium and blood glucose. Include the hormones, their sites of synthesis and sites of action.

14) What is diabetes, how can you diagnose and describe why the classic symptoms of diabetes occur from a physiological standpoint.

15) Compare endocrine and exocrine secretion. What organ displays both forms and describe them ?

16) What common neurotransmitter is also a hormone and why? What is its source when it is a hormone ?

17) Describe 3 potential fates for a circulating hormone.

18) Name 3 potential functions of a hormone once it reaches its target.

19) Which types of hormones have longer half-lives in the body and why?

20) Review the organization of skeletal muscle (see handouts)

21) What surrounds the muscle fiber ? What is the muscle fiber made up of and what surrounds these structures ?

22) What are the roles of the T-tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum ?

23) Be able to identify and define the I-band, A-band and Z-line. What is the structure from Z-line to Z-line ?

24) What are the components of the thin and thick filaments and how do they interact in a contraction ?

25) Be able to describe the events associate with skeletal muscle innervation at the NMJ.

26) Describe the molecular events of the contraction process. What ions are required and what do they do ?

27) Understand the principles behind the effect of sarcomere length on muscle tension.

28) What are the 3 phase of the muscle contraction process, how long are they what occurs at the molecular level during each?

29) What is wave summation, incomplete and complete tetanus ?

30) What causes fatique in a muscle ?

31) What is a motor unit ? What two criteria are responsible for the gradation of whole muscle tension ?

32) Compare and contrast isotonic and isometric contractions. What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and what are their characteristics

33) Review muscle metabolism and compare and contrast the sources of energy in resting muscle, moderate activity and peak activity. What are the disadvantages associated with peak activity ?

34) How do temperature and pH affect muscle metabolism ? Be very specific in your understanding of this concept.

35) Review the characteristics that define skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles (see handout).

36) What is the pathway for blood starting at the right atrium? Include chambers, valves, vessels and organs (ie, lung, heart).

37) What is different between the right and left ventricles ?

38) Why does blood move in the direction it does and when are valves open and closed ?

39) What are arteries and veins ?

40) What are autorhythmic cells, where are they located, what do they do and exactly how do they do this ? What is the normal pacemaker and why ?

41) What are contractile cells ? How do they differ from autorhythmic cells relative to action potentials (see Figures 9-0, 9-15 Handouts).

42) What is the AV nodal delay and why is it important ?

43) What prevents backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium ?



			Comparative Animal Physiology -BIO 336 - Dr. Harney -Study Guide - Exam II

	1) Identify all the different types of channels involved in the resting membrane potential, AP propagation and synaptic transmission. 2) What is the reversal potential for an acetylcholine-gated channel at a NMJ ? What is the reversal potential and what does it tell us 3) Name the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Compare metabotropic and ionotropic receptors, how are they different and name a neurotransmitter that uses both types of receptors. (handout tables 6.1, 16.1) 4) Describe the biosynthetic pathway for glutamate, GABA, glycine and the catecholamine neurotransmitters including necessary enzymes. What are the rate-limiting steps in their synthesis ? (handout figure 6.10, table 6.1) 5) Review acetylcholine metabolism in cholinergic nerve terminal (handout 6.7), glutamate synthesis and cycling between neurons and glia (handout 6.8, why is glutamate removed rapidly from synapse) and synthesis, release, and reuptake of the GABA & glycine (handout 6.9). 6) Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems. 7) Compare and contrast the regulation of the posterior and anterior pituitary glands. 8) Name the hypothalamic/pituitary/target hormones. 9) Compare and contrast lipophilic, amino acid derivative and peptide hormones. Include mechanism of action. 10) Describe the cAMP and PIP2 second messenger pathways. Be prepared to design experiments to elucidate the 2nd messenger pathway for a newly discovered hormone or neurotransmitter. (what is forskolin, Li, IBMX, cholera and pertussis toxins) 11) Why are 2nd messenger pathways necessary ? 12) Describe the components of the steroid receptors. What regions share high homology across species and why? How do these receptors induce a biological effect ? 13) Describe the regulation of blood calcium and blood glucose. Include the hormones, their sites of synthesis and sites of action. 14) What is diabetes, how can you diagnose and describe why the classic symptoms of diabetes occur from a physiological standpoint. 15) Compare endocrine and exocrine secretion. What organ displays both forms and describe them ? 16) What common neurotransmitter is also a hormone and why? What is its source when it is a hormone ? 17) Describe 3 potential fates for a circulating hormone. 18) Name 3 potential functions of a hormone once it reaches its target. 19) Which types of hormones have longer half-lives in the body and why? 20) Review the organization of skeletal muscle (see handouts) 21) What surrounds the muscle fiber ? What is the muscle fiber made up of and what surrounds these structures ? 22) What are the roles of the T-tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum ? 23) Be able to identify and define the I-band, A-band and Z-line. What is the structure from Z-line to Z-line ? 24) What are the components of the thin and thick filaments and how do they interact in a contraction ? 25) Be able to describe the events associate with skeletal muscle innervation at the NMJ. 26) Describe the molecular events of the contraction process. What ions are required and what do they do ? 27) Understand the principles behind the effect of sarcomere length on muscle tension. 28) What are the 3 phase of the muscle contraction process, how long are they what occurs at the molecular level during each? 29) What is wave summation, incomplete and complete tetanus ? 30) What causes fatique in a muscle ? 31) What is a motor unit ? What two criteria are responsible for the gradation of whole muscle tension ? 32) Compare and contrast isotonic and isometric contractions. What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and what are their characteristics 33) Review muscle metabolism and compare and contrast the sources of energy in resting muscle, moderate activity and peak activity. What are the disadvantages associated with peak activity ? 34) How do temperature and pH affect muscle metabolism ? Be very specific in your understanding of this concept. 35) Review the characteristics that define skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles (see handout). 36) What is the pathway for blood starting at the right atrium? Include chambers, valves, vessels and organs (ie, lung, heart). 37) What is different between the right and left ventricles ? 38) Why does blood move in the direction it does and when are valves open and closed ? 39) What are arteries and veins ? 40) What are autorhythmic cells, where are they located, what do they do and exactly how do they do this ? What is the normal pacemaker and why ? 41) What are contractile cells ? How do they differ from autorhythmic cells relative to action potentials (see Figures 9-0, 9-15 Handouts). 42) What is the AV nodal delay and why is it important ? 43) What prevents backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium ?