-BIO 336 - Dr. Harney
-Study Guide - Exam I
1) Compare negative and positive feedback and recognize examples
of each.
2) What is physiology ?
4) What are atoms, elements, molecules and compounds ?
5) Where are protons, neutrons and electrons located ? What is
atomic number and atomic weight ?
6) What is the difference between Carbons 12 and 14 and what are
these called ?
7) Define covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds. Where do you find
each and what is the order of their strength ?
8) Compare physical and chemical properties. What dictates the
chemical properties of an element ?
9) Compare and contrast decomposition, synthesis and exchange
reactions. When does dehydration and hydrolysis occur ?
10) What is metabolism, work and energy ?
11) What are catabolic, anabolic, endergonic and exergonic reactions
?
12) Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Where
does each occur, what are the inputs and outputs ?
13) What is activation energy ? Why is it necessary and how does
the cell deal with it ? In a chemistry lab how else can you deal
with activation energy ?
14) How do enzymes work ? What is there chemical composition and
how are they affected by the environment of the cell/body ?
15) Discuss the properties of water that make it the most important
component of the body. What is polarity and how does it effect
water's ability to be a solvent ?
16) What is pH and how does it affect the cell/body ? What are
buffers, what do they do and what it the most impt buffer in the
blood?
17) What are the four major classes of macromolecules, what are
their building blocks and how are they built ?
18) Review the major functions in the cell/body of the 4 major
macromolecules and recognize and give examples of each ?
19) What are steroids and where do they come from ?
20) Describe the 4 major structures of proteins and what types
of bonds are responsible for each.
21) What is the difference between DNA and RNA ? What is responsible
for the backbone of nucleic acids ?
22) Where else do we find nucleotide derivatives in the body and
what are they important for ?
23) What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics and what is the cell
theory ?
24) Review the cell membrane structure and the role of proteins
in it .
25) What makes membranes selectively permeable ? What are the
principles of diffusion of solutes and water ?
26) What is osmotic pressure and how do we counteract it ?
27) Review tonicity and recognize hyper and hypo tonic solutions.
28) Compare active, passive and secondary active transport. What
is facilitated diffusion ? Is it passive or active and why ?
29) What example can you give of secondary active transport ?
30) What is membrane potential ? What is responsible for generating
it and maintaining it ? What does it represent ?
31) What 2 gradients exist across membranes and how do these affect
the nervous system ?
32) What is resistance, capacitance, conductance and current ?
What is Ohm's Law, Donnan Equilibrium, Nernst Equation and the
Goldman Equation ? What does the following equation mean ? INa = gNa (Vm - E Na)
33) What is the Na/K ATPase and how does it work ? What does it
mean to be electrogenic ?
34) Review the kinds of ion channels that exist and be able to
define which are important during rest, an action potential and
a synaptic potential.
35) What are the 3 states of a gated channel ?
36) Describe in detail all the events of the action potential
(include gradients at work, ion fluxes, polarization events and
what is responsible for them).
37) What are the absolute and relative refractory periods ? What
is responsible for each ?
38) Compare and contrast graded and action potentials.
39) Compare continuous versus saltatory propagation. What properties
of neurons affect the speed of AP propagation ?
40) Know the all the structural components of the neuron (axon,
dendrite, soma, telodendria, hillock, etc).
41) Review the structural and functional classifications of neurons
(afferent, sensory; efferent, motor; interneuron).
42) What is a synapse ? Where do they occur, what are the important
properties and what do they ensure ?
43) Compare and contrast chemical and electrical synaptic transmission.
44) Review the all the steps that occur at a cholinergic synapse
(like the NMJ).
45) Compare and contrast IPSPs and EPSPs. How do you generate
these ? What are temporal and spatial summation ?
46) What are the time and length constants ? What effects each
and how do they relate to summation events ?