1) Where does glycolysis occur and how many ATPs does it net.

2) Why is it necessary to produce lactic acid under anaerobic conditions ?

3) Under aerobic conditions what is the fate of pyruvate ?

4) Write the equation that summarizes the complete oxidation of glucose.

5) Assuming 2 pyruvates per glucose, where do the first 2 CO2 come from ?

6) Where are the last 4 CO2 liberated ?

7) Where does the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain take place ?

8) Describe where the energy is located as we move throghout the entire metabolic process.
Where is it directly before the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation ?

9) Name the 3 major macromolecules that we normally use for energy. In what order do
we use them (most to least) ?

10) Describe how we store and breakdown fats and carbohydrates. How do we break
down protein and what products do we generate ?

11) How many ATPs do we net from aerobic metabolism ?

12) Know the terms and the correct spelling of metabolic processes.

13) How does cyanide kill you ? Where does internal respiration take place ?

14) Name and describe the actions of 4 hormones that control blood glucose levels.

15) Know the anatomical structure of the urinary system.

16) What is the functional unit of the urinary system and describe it’s different regions.

17) What are the functions of the urinary system ?

18) Name the 3 basic renal processes that occur in the kidney that ultimately dictate the
components of urine ? Describe them and the differences between them.

19) How much of our plasma is filtered ? What percentage of our cardiac output does this
represent ?

20) Name the 3 pressures acting at the glomerulus and what direction their force is acting.

21) Describe the juxtaglemerular apparatus anatomically and how does it autoregulate
filtration ? What cell type is critical to this process?

22) What is GFR ? What equation describes it and what do the components represent ?

23) How do we increase or decrease GFR ? What effect does the sympathetic nervous
system have and where exactly does it act ?

24) Describe the renin- angiotensin - aldosterone system. Include where each of these is
produced, where it acts and what is it’s effect ?

25) Angiotensin II is a very important compund, describe it’s numerous actions.

26) What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ? Where is it produced and where does it act ?

27) Where are glucose and amino acids resorbed primarily ? What ion is central to this
process ?

28) Where is Na+ resorbed ? Include each site and the percentage of total resorbed at each.

29) What is special about the Na+ resorbed at the distal tubules and collecting ducts ?

30) Why and how do we regulate K+ and H+ in plasma ? What process in the nephron is
primarily responsible ?

31) Describe the mechanism used by the loop of henle to make concentrated and then dilute
urine in the descending and ascending limbs, respectively.

32) Describe the action of vasopressin and where it acts. What happens if no vasopressin is present ?

33) Why is kidney function so critical to health ? How does it interact with the
cardiovascular system ?

34) Know the anatomical structures of the male reproductive system.

35) Why are the testes outside the body cavity ? What muscle assists in temp regulation ?

36) What are the 3 major accessory sex glands and what do they produce and why ?

37) Name the 2 major cell types in the testes and their role in reproduction.

38) Describe spermatogenesis. How is meiosis different from mitosis ? What is
spermiogenesis ?

39) Describe the hypothalamic/pituitary regulation of reproduction in males.

40) What is DHT ? How is it produced and what is it’s action in the male ?

41) Describe the mechanism of action of the sex steroids.

42) What is the precursor to the steriod hormones ?

43) Name some potential causes of infertility in men ?