Human Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy and Physiology

-BIO 113 - Dr. Harney

-Study Guide - Exam II

1) Describe the pressures that are acting at the arteriolar and venular ends of the capillary.

2) What is filtration and reabsorption and if the former is greater than the latter what results ?

3) Describe the local factors that regulate blood flow within capillary beds.

4) Describe the central mechanisms and endocrine factors that regulate cardiovascular function
(blood pressure, blood volume and blood flow) (See Figs 21-14, 17).

5) Compare and contrast the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that regulate neural control of blood
pressure and blood flow. Where are they located and what do they monitor ?
(See Figs 21-15,16).

6) What are the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosis and what happens to them when a child is
born ? Why is this necessary ?

7) Review the interrelationships between the lymphatic/immune systems and the other body
systems (See handout).

8) What is the most common inflammatory chemical and what are its physiological effects
in the body ? (Hint: we take anti......... to fight allergies).

9) Review the first and second lines of nonspecific body defense. (Skin, mucous
membranes, acid secretions, inflammatory responses, phagocytes and fever) (See handout).

10) What are B cells (plasma and memory cells) and T cells (cytotoxic and helper cells) ?

11) Review the types of specific immunity (inherited vs. acquired [natural versus artificial]).
(See handout)

12) How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins and why is this necessary ? What moves lymph
through the lymphatic system ?

13) Where are the major lymph nodes located and what are the 2 most important functions of
lymph nodes (lymphatic tissues) ?

14) What are the functions of the thymus and spleen ?

15) Compare internal and external respiration.

16) What are the nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system ?

17) Name the organs in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Where does gas exchange occur ?

18) What is the role of surfactant in the lung and how are premature babies potentially affected ?

19) What is the pleural sac and what do the parietal and visceral layers contact ?

20) How are the atmospheric, intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures involved in the mechanics of
respiration ? When do we inspire and expire ? Why don’t our lungs collapse ?

21) Which muscles contract during inspiration ? Where do they move and what effect does this
have on intra-alveolar pressure ?

22) When we forcefully expire what muscle must contract ?

23) What is Boyle’s law ?

24) How do you decrease airflow without changing the pressure gradient ?

25) Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic control of bronchiolar smooth muscle.
How is this different from control of blood vessels ?

26) How is the effect of decreased O2 in the alveolus different than decreased O2 in a systemic
tissue with regard to regulation of the arteriolar smooth muscle that regulates blood flow to that
site? Why is this different ?

27) Why do we try to match blood flow and airflow in the lungs ?

28) How is O2 and CO2 carried in the blood stream ? What are the partial pressures of O2 and
CO2 and why are they important ?

29) What local factors at the tissue level allow for O2 to be released from hemoglobin ? How do
these same factors effect blood flow to that tissue?

30) Name the 2 predominate partial pressures in the blood that regulate the magnitude of ventilation
and under what circumstances do each of them work ?

31) Central chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under resting conditions.
Where are these located and what exactly are they sensitive to ?

32) Peripheral chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under emergency
conditions. Where are these located and what do they respond to ?

33) Review the structures and functions of the components of the digestive system (See handout.
Table 24.1) Where does chemical digestion start and what macromolecules are targeted ?

34) What are the structural components of teeth ? Where are the blood vessels and nerves located?

35) What do the chief cells and parietal cells of the stomach secrete ? How is digestion in the
stomach different from the small intestine ? Why must the SI be protected from that
environment ?

36) What do the accessory glands of the digestive system do (liver, pancreas and gallbladder) ?

37) Review mechanical digestion. What are the 3 stages of deglutition ? What is peristalsis and
segmentation ? How do we regulate gastric motility hormonally and neuronally ?

38) Review chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Know the enzymes their
source, site of action and result of their action. (See handout - table)

39) Review the hormones responsible for the regulation of the digestive system. (See handout).

40) Define the 6 major digestive functions (gastrointestinal tract activities) and where they occur.



			Human Anatomy and Physiology -BIO 113 - Dr. Harney -Study Guide - Exam II

	1) Describe the pressures that are acting at the arteriolar and venular ends of the capillary. 2) What is filtration and reabsorption and if the former is greater than the latter what results ? 3) Describe the local factors that regulate blood flow within capillary beds. 4) Describe the central mechanisms and endocrine factors that regulate cardiovascular function (blood pressure, blood volume and blood flow) (See Figs 21-14, 17). 5) Compare and contrast the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that regulate neural control of blood pressure and blood flow. Where are they located and what do they monitor ? (See Figs 21-15,16). 6) What are the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosis and what happens to them when a child is born ? Why is this necessary ? 7) Review the interrelationships between the lymphatic/immune systems and the other body systems (See handout). 8) What is the most common inflammatory chemical and what are its physiological effects in the body ? (Hint: we take anti......... to fight allergies). 9) Review the first and second lines of nonspecific body defense. (Skin, mucous membranes, acid secretions, inflammatory responses, phagocytes and fever) (See handout). 10) What are B cells (plasma and memory cells) and T cells (cytotoxic and helper cells) ? 11) Review the types of specific immunity (inherited vs. acquired [natural versus artificial]). (See handout) 12) How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins and why is this necessary ? What moves lymph through the lymphatic system ? 13) Where are the major lymph nodes located and what are the 2 most important functions of lymph nodes (lymphatic tissues) ? 14) What are the functions of the thymus and spleen ? 15) Compare internal and external respiration. 16) What are the nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system ? 17) Name the organs in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Where does gas exchange occur ? 18) What is the role of surfactant in the lung and how are premature babies potentially affected ? 19) What is the pleural sac and what do the parietal and visceral layers contact ? 20) How are the atmospheric, intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures involved in the mechanics of respiration ? When do we inspire and expire ? Why don’t our lungs collapse ? 21) Which muscles contract during inspiration ? Where do they move and what effect does this have on intra-alveolar pressure ? 22) When we forcefully expire what muscle must contract ? 23) What is Boyle’s law ? 24) How do you decrease airflow without changing the pressure gradient ? 25) Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic control of bronchiolar smooth muscle. How is this different from control of blood vessels ? 26) How is the effect of decreased O2 in the alveolus different than decreased O2 in a systemic tissue with regard to regulation of the arteriolar smooth muscle that regulates blood flow to that site? Why is this different ? 27) Why do we try to match blood flow and airflow in the lungs ? 28) How is O2 and CO2 carried in the blood stream ? What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and why are they important ? 29) What local factors at the tissue level allow for O2 to be released from hemoglobin ? How do these same factors effect blood flow to that tissue? 30) Name the 2 predominate partial pressures in the blood that regulate the magnitude of ventilation and under what circumstances do each of them work ? 31) Central chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under resting conditions. Where are these located and what exactly are they sensitive to ? 32) Peripheral chemoreceptors are critical to the regulation of respiration under emergency conditions. Where are these located and what do they respond to ? 33) Review the structures and functions of the components of the digestive system (See handout. Table 24.1) Where does chemical digestion start and what macromolecules are targeted ? 34) What are the structural components of teeth ? Where are the blood vessels and nerves located? 35) What do the chief cells and parietal cells of the stomach secrete ? How is digestion in the stomach different from the small intestine ? Why must the SI be protected from that environment ? 36) What do the accessory glands of the digestive system do (liver, pancreas and gallbladder) ? 37) Review mechanical digestion. What are the 3 stages of deglutition ? What is peristalsis and segmentation ? How do we regulate gastric motility hormonally and neuronally ? 38) Review chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Know the enzymes their source, site of action and result of their action. (See handout - table) 39) Review the hormones responsible for the regulation of the digestive system. (See handout). 40) Define the 6 major digestive functions (gastrointestinal tract activities) and where they occur.