-BIO 113 - Dr. Harney
-Study Guide - Exam I
1) Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.
2) Compare and contrast the regulation of the posterior and anterior
pituitary glands.
3) Name the hypothalamic/pituitary/target hormones.
4) Compare and contrast lipophilic, amino acid derivative and
peptide hormones. Include mechanism of action.
5) Describe the cAMP and PIP2 second messenger pathways.
6) Why are 2nd messenger pathways necessary ?
7) Describe and neuroendocrine and endocrine reflex. How are they
different ?
8) Describe the regulation of blood calcium and blood glucose.
Include the hormones, their sites of synthesis and sites of action.
9) Why is hyperinsulinemia potentially life threatening ?
10) Compare endocrine and exocrine secretion. What organ displays
both forms and describe them ?
11) What common neurotransmitter is also a hormone and why? What
is its source when it is a hormone ?
12) Describe 3 potential fates for a circulating hormone.
13) Name 3 potential functions of a hormone once it reaches its
target.
14) What percentage of whole blood is water? Whys is water content
important in blood ?
15) What percentage of blood is red blood cells? What is their
primary function and what physical properties make that possible
?
16) What type of cell are lymphocytes, what 2 flavors are their
and compare their function ?
17) What are monocytes the precursor for? What do platelets do
in the body ?
18) What are the major plasma proteins and describe their functions
?
19) What are the four major blood types and what distinguishes
them? Who can and can’t receive each type of blood ?
20) What is Rh factor and how can it affect pregnancy ?
21) Why should women take iron supplements ? What important protein
does it effect ?
22) What is the pathway for blood starting at the right atrium?
Include chambers, valves, vessels and organs (ie, lung, heart).
23) What is different between the right and left ventricles ?
24) What is different between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
(resting optimal length, refractory period) ?
25) Why does blood move in the direction it does and when are
valves open and closed ?
26) What is an ECG and what do the waves/complexes represent ?
27) Compare ventricular systole and diastole. What portion of
the cardiac cycle is each ?
28) What is cardiac output ? How do I calculate it ? How do I
increase or decrease it ?
29) What are autorhythmic cells, where are they located and what
do they do ?
30) What is the AV nodal delay and why is it important ?
31) If we decrease the length of the cardiac cycle what portion
gets shortened the most ? What does this suggest about the rapid
fiiling of the ventricle at the beginning of diastole ?
32) Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of
the heart and their specific effects ?
33) What is venous return, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic
volume, stroke volume and heart rate ?
34) What is Starlings’ law ?
35) Compare and contrast the properties of arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules and veins.
36) What do veins have that the others don’t ?
37) What effects flow rate and how do you increase or decrease
it ?
38) What is normal blood pressure and what do the 2 numbers mean
?
39) How do you measure blood pressure? What is mean arterial pressure
?
40) Where is the greatest total surface area in the circulation
and why ?
41) Compare the blood pressure in the aorta to the atrium, why
are they different and why is that important ?
42) How do we regulate blood pressure at the kidney, at the heart,
at the arterioles ?
43) Why do we have to regulate extracellular K+ and Ca+ very closely
(relative to heart function)?
44) How might temperature and pH effect the function of the heart
?