-BIO 112 - Dr. Harney
-Study Guide - Exam III
1) Review all terms in the glossary of the nervous system (Table
12-1).
2) Review the organization of the central and peripheral nervous
systems (Figure 12-1).
3) Know the all the structural components of the neuron (axon,
dendrite, soma, telodendria, hillock, etc).
4) What is a synapse ? Where do they occur, what are the important
properties and what do they ensure ?
5) Review the structural and functional classifications of neurons
(pg374-75; Figure 12-5).
6) Name and define the different neuroglia cells in the CNS and
PNS (Table 12-2).
7) Review the Demyelination Disorders in the Applications Manual.
8) What is the transmembrane potential ? What 2 gradients exist
across membranes and how do these affect the nervous system ?
9) What is resistance and current ?
10) What is the resting membrane potential ? What 2 things are
most responsible for the RMP ?
11) What is the Na/K ATPase and how does it work ? What does it
mean to be electrogenic ?
12) Review the kinds of ion channels that exist and be able to
define which are important during rest, an action potential and
a synaptic potential.
13) What are the 3 states of a gated channel ?
14) Describe in detail all the events of the action potential
(include gradients at work, ion fluxes, polarization events and
what is responsible for them). Review Figure 12-15 and Table 12-3
15) What are the absolute and relative refractory periods ?
16) Compare and contrast graded and action potentials.
17) Compare continuous versus saltatory propagation. What properties
of neurons affect the speed of AP propagation ?
18) Compare and contrast chemical and electrical synaptic transmission.
19) Review the all the steps that occur at a cholinergic synapse
(like the NMJ; Figure 12-20).
20) What is synaptic fatigue ?
21) Compare and contrast IPSPs and EPSPs. How do you generate
these ? What are temporal and spatial summation ?
22) Compare presynaptic inhibition and facilitation.
23) Review the environmental factors that affect neural function
and neural responses to injury. (pg406-7)
24) Understand the higher levels of processing (ie, divergence,
convergence, reverberation, etc.)
25) Review the spinal nerves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral)
and the numbering scheme.
26) Name and define the three spinal meninges. What is an epidural
block and when and why is it used ?
27) Review the organization of the gray (anterior, posterior and
lateral horns) and white (columns and tracts) matter. What are
the ventral and dorsal roots and how are they organized ?
28) What are the gray and white rami, dorsal and ventral rami
and the rami communicantes (Figure 13-6) ?
29) What are dermatomes and what is a nerve plexus ? What are
the 3 major nerve plexi ?
30) What is a reflex arc ? How do we classify reflexes ? What
is the difference between and mono and polysynaptic reflex and
give an example of each ?
31) What is a muscle spindle ? Compare and contrast intrafusal
and extrafusal muscle fibers. What do the alpha and gamma motor
neurons innervate ?
32) Review the flexor and crossed extensor reflexes (Figure 13-17).
How does the inhibitory interneuron work ?
33) What is the Babinski sign, when would this reappear in adults
? What is hypo- , are- and hyper-reflexia (see A.M.).
34) Review the embryology of the brain (Table 14-1). What the
are major functions of the different regions of the brain (Fig.
14-2) ?
35) What are the cranial meninges, what are their functions and
how do they protect against cranial trauma ? What is a concussion
(See A.M.)
36) What is cerebral spinal fluid ? Where is it produced, where
does it circulate and what is its function ? How is it different
from blood plasma ?
37) What is hydrocephalus and how is it caused ? What is a stroke
and how is it caused ?
38) What is the function of the blood brain and blood-CSF barrier
? What would happen if either of these were compromised ?
39) What are the major lobes of the cerebrum and what are their
functions ? What 2 cortices does the central sulcus separate
and what are their functions ?
40) If a person you or I know has a brain tumor in the primary
motor cortex on the left side of his brain what symptoms would
you expect to see based on the laws of probability and why ?
41) Name the 3 higher motor areas and the 4th structure that is
impt in programing and coordinating complex movements.
42) What is Broca's and Wernicke's area and what are they responsible
for ?
43) Review the functions of the basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus,
limbic system, cerebellum and brain stem.
44) What side of your brain do you favor and why ?
45) If you want to take all this information and consolidate it
to long term memory what should you do and why ?