-BIO 112 - Dr. Harney
-Study Guide - Exam I
1) Compare negative and positive feedback and recognize examples
of each.
2) Understand the levels of organization (Fig 1).
4) What are atoms, elements, molecules and compounds ?
5) Where are protons, neutrons and electrons located ? What is
atomic number and atomic weight ?
6) What is the difference between Carbons 12 and 14 and what are
these called ?
7) Define covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds. Where do you find
each and what is the order of their strength ?
8) Compare physical and chemical properties. What dictates the
chemical properties of an element ?
9) Compare and contrast decomposition, synthesis and exchange
reactions. When does dehydration and hydrolysis occur ?
10) What is metabolism, work and energy ?
11) What are catabolic, anabolic, endergonic and exergonic reactions
?
12) What is the equilibrium of a reversible reaction ?
13) What is activation energy ? Why is it necessary and how does
the cell deal with it ? In a chemistry lab how else can you deal
with activation energy ?
14) How do enzymes work ? What is there chemical composition and
how are they affected by the environment of the cell/body ?
15) Discuss the properties of water that make it the most important
component of the body. What is polarity and how does it effect
water's ability to be a solvent ?
16) What is pH and how does it affect the cell/body ? What are
buffers, what do they do and what it the most impt buffer in the
blood?
17) What are the four major classes of macromolecules, what are
their building blocks and how are they built ?
18) Review the major functions in the cell/body of the 4 major
macromolecules and recognize and give examples of each ?
19) What are steroids and where do they come from ?
20) Describe the 4 major structures of proteins and what types
of bonds are responsible for each.
21) What is the difference between DNA and RNA ? What is responsible
for the backbone of nucleic acids ?
22) Where else do we find nucleotide derivatives in the body and
what are they important for ?
23) What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics and what is the cell
theory ?
24) Review the cell membrane structure and the role of proteins
in it .
25) What makes membranes selectively permeable ? What are the
principles of diffusion of solutes and water ?
26) What is osmotic pressure and how do we counteract it ?
27) Review tonicity and recognize hyper and hypo tonic solutions.
28) Compare active, passive and secondary active transport. What
is facilitated diffusion ? Is it passive or active and why ?
29) What example can you give of secondary active transport ?
30) What is membrane potential ? What is responsible for generating
it and maintaining it ? What does it represent ?
31) Review all the major organelles in the cell and what they
do and why ?
32) Understand chromatin structure and why it is necessary ?
33) What is the cell cycle ? Know the stages of interphase and
the stages of mitosis.
34) Where in the cell is DNA replication, DNA transcription and
RNA splicing occuring ? What is required for translation, how
does it occur and where ?
35) What is cancer and why does it occur ?
36) Name and describe the four tissue types. What is unique to
each ?
37) Give examples of each type of tissue and where you find them.
38) What type of tissue has endocrine and exocrine function ?
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine secretion
?
39) What are the modes and types of exocrine secretion and give
an example of each ?
40) What is the structure and function of the integumentary system
?
41) Compare the different layers of the epidermis. What are melanocytes,
Merkel cells and Langerhan cells ?
42) Review the accessory structures and how they are generated
and from what layer. How and why does hair stand up ?
43) Compare the different skin glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous)
and where they are found ?
44) Why do we perspire and how does it help us ?